Transcript of Source 1 – Excerpt (part of the whole letter)
To the Honorable Governor & Council of the State of Maine,
In compliance with a resolve approved March 17th 1860 requiring the Agents of the Penobscot & Passamaquoddy tribes of Indians to report annually…
…At the close of the last year I had to tell you of the mis-fortune of the Indians having the scarlet fever break out among them at Pleasant Point. I have now to tell you of a greater misfortune, a worse and more infectious disease, the smallpox which broke out among them or a portion of them that resided at Magaguadavic last winter seventeen in number two of which died.
Their sickness and other necessary expense cause quite a large outlay of money as the receipts will show for which there was no appropriation. I was notified of their sick-ness by A.J. Wetmore Esq. of St. George stating also that they were in a very destitute and suffering condition, that the Parish had helped them all they could and some provision must be made immediately for their relief.
The sick ones were without a nurse and the well ones not allowed by the inhabitants to go about from the infectious nature of the disease, and had it not been for the kind and careful treatment of them by Doct. Joseph Lolar Selmon who I sent to their relief the result would have been much more alarming…
…There are twenty very old people in this tribe who have a strong claim on that appropriation called poor money. These need more assistance than I am able to give them from the small sum of $300 and take care of the remaining poor as their circumstances demand. I would therefore advise the appropriation of one hun-dred dollars to expend in blankets and clothing for those old and very poor persons…
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Geo. W. Nutt, Agent
Source 1 - Document
Source 1 - Document
Excerpt from “Report of George W. Nutt, Agent for the Passamaquoddy Tribe”
ca. 1860
From collections of Secretary of State, Wabanaki documents
Maine State Archive 29-335864-F023
George W. Nutt’s letter to the state of Maine stemmed from his job as an “Indian Agent.” Indian Agents were appointed by the state to give out money to tribal communities. The term “Indian” is used to mean Indigenous people, in this case the Passamaquoddy Tribe which is still at Pleasant Point today.
The money that Nutt discusses came from the “Indian Fund.” This fund came from treaty negotiations, land sales, and rents and leases of tribal land and resources—in other words from profits from the resources taken from the “Indians” themselves. Only a limited amount of these profits ever made it to the Tribes, and in this letter, we see Nutt trying to get more money to support healthcare, schools, and agriculture.
Wabanaki people were considered “wards” of the state, meaning the Maine government was responsible (in theory) for their basic needs. Today, Wabanaki peoples govern themselves by Self-Determination. The U.S. Federal government recognizes them as distinct nations.
There is a complicated relationship between Indigenous peoples and the smallpox pandemic. European colonists brought diseases such as smallpox and measles to North and South America, killing 70% or more of the Native population. There is even historical evidence of weaponizing smallpox as a tool of biological warfare. During the initial period of contact, Native populations lacked immunity to foreign diseases and died at higher rates. After that, European and U.S. colonialism created social and economic inequalities that allow diseases to continue to hurt Indigenous communities at a higher rate. In 2020, coronavirus has had a disproportionate effect on Native peoples.
Transcription:
Norridgewock Jan’y 28, 1833
To the Committee on Account[?]
in the Legislature of the State
Gentlemen,
At the request of Elisha Hilton, Esq. we have examined his account of services and expenses guarding the Canada Road and find that he is justly entitled to receive from the State $46.46 in addition to the sum allowed by us in the Roll of claims made up last week. We also find that the sum of $10.80 made up in the roll for John Brown has been paid to Brown by Hilton and should be allowed for the benefit of Hilton. The greater part of the above claim is for voluntary services per-formed without any direction from our quarter, but highly beneficial to the State and unless allowed by the State, he is without remedy.
As soon as Hilton rec’d information that the Cholera had broken out in Quebec and that the road to our territory was thronged with Emigrants he took his horse and went through the upper settle-ments on the Chaudiere, turned back sev-enty in one day and posted notices that all foreigners would be stop’d by a guard at the lines, and employed his sons J. Brown a hired man to keep guard till a regular guard arrived: That he engaged in the guard himself, two sons and hired man on the 3rd of July and served twenty seven days which was made upon the Roll. That he has furnished food to hundreds of suffering emigrants probably to the amount of stores left with him; and was at some expense for the good of the public after the guard was discharged
From all the evidence and the facts in this case we think his claim just and reasonable to the above amount.
We are Gentlemen respectfully
Your humble servant
Wm Allen Jr. – member of a Committee of Selectmen of several Towns appointed to [?] claims
Source 2 - Document
Source 2 - Document
Petition for reimbursement for expenses in stopping the influx of immigrants from Quebec
ca. January 28, 1833
Maine State Archives 207420
This letter was written from a selectman to the Maine State Legislature. It describes a man who decided to stop a group of people moving into Maine from Quebec. The letter, or petition, asks the State to pay the man for his time and help, as well as to make up for the money he spent.
The anti-immigrant sentiment towards Quebec was likely a result of the 1832 cholera epidemic of Lower Canada. In June 1832, a ship from Ireland docked in Quebec with a few sick immigrants. Soon, a cholera epidemic had begun in the area, with its first death only three days after the ship’s arrival. By the end of 1932, over 4,500 people had died from cholera in Lower Canada.
This is likely why a local citizen was concerned about the influx of immigrants from Quebec. Under an 1821 Maine law, individuals were authorized to act on behalf of the state government to stop people from entering the state who might bring sickness. Then, they could petition the state for reimbursement for their services to the public good.
Source 3 - Document
Source 3 - Document
Excerpt from “Facts for TB Patients”
pages 1, 5, 8, 9
ca. 1962
Maine State Museum 2004.113.14
These excerpts come from a booklet that was distributed to tuberculosis (TB) patients while they received treatment. It was made in 1962, which is interesting because Maine’s TB sanatoriums were closing around this time.
Apart from health issues, this booklet talks about money problems that TB patients might face. Middle and lower-class families had a harder time paying for sanatorium treatment. A family might also not be able to survive several months without the sick person’s paycheck.
Not only was that difficult for the family, it also worked against public health goals to isolate sick people
and keep them from infecting others. This booklet responds to this issue by talking about how people could get support if they couldn’t pay. Lots of people did end up leaving sanatoriums against their doctor’s orders because they were worried about money.
This booklet was published by the National Tuberculosis Association (now known as the American Lung Association), which was founded in 1904. A symbol on the back of the booklet that looks like a cross with two strikes through it represented the global fight against TB.
Source 4 - Document
Source 4 - Document
Maine State Sanitorium Reports 1915-1916
pages 31, 35
ca. 1916
Maine State Library
The State of Maine took over management of the Maine State Sanitorium (later renamed the Western Maine Sanitorium) in Hebron in 1915. Tuberculosis (TB) patients lived in the sanitorium while getting treatment for the disease.
These are detailed records of the innermost workings of the treatment center between 1915 and 1916. They tracked every aspect of the patient experience, including who they were, what they ate, what treatment they received, and why they were discharged (left the sanitorium).
The state government tried to regulate prices to make treatment more accessible to all Mainers. Just over 25% of patients received entirely free treatment. Most patients paid $5 a week, which in today’s dollars would be about $118. Today a payment method like this might be called “sliding scale.”
Most of the patients at the Sanitorium in these two years were listed with the occupation “Housewife.” This may have been for financial reasons. At the time, it was more likely that husbands would work while wives stayed home. Families still struggled when mothers were in the sanitorium, , but if a father took months off work it meant no paycheck.
There were also lots of farmers, mill workers, and students, which reflects what people in Maine were doing in the 1900s.
Source 5 - Artifact
Source 5 - Artifact
Crutch and leg brace
ca. 1928
Maine State Museum 2014.19.1, 2014.19.2
These supportive devices were made for Alice Ella Damren, a Maine woman with polio who lived from 1924-2010. Alice was born in Mount Vernon, Maine. As far as we know, she was the first baby to contract polio before she was even born.
The crutches were made around 1928 by a person experiencing homelessness. He stopped by Alice’s family farm and the family shared their meals with him. Alice was about three years old. The visitor felt sorry for the little girl who was unable to walk. Once she learned to walk on the crutches he made, “she would really fly,” according to the family. They said that she could whack open the screen door with her crutches and be at the end of the walk before the door banged shut. She climbed trees and developed good upper body strength.
Although she had multiple operations at Shriners Hospital, Alice could never use her leg. Even as an adult she needed to wear a special shoe with a tall sole. She also used a thigh-high leg brace with vinyl padding. The aluminum brace ran up the sides of the leg from the shoe to the thigh, hinged at the knee and ankle to allow bending.
Source 6 - Image
Source 6 - Image
Hints for the Sick Room
ca. 1919
Maine State Museum 2004.113.3
This booklet cover from the John Hancock Life Insurance company of Boston, MA shows a young woman seated by the bed of a child. She is handing the child a cup. The child is propped up on pillows and is tucked in with a doll and story book.
At this time, women had extra caregiving duties because of World War I. Many men were off fighting overseas as the pandemic raged at home, leaving women to care for the children.
At the time when this booklet was published, the country was dealing with an influenza pandemic. The 1918 flu pandemic was also called “The Spanish Flu.”
Source 7 - Document
Source 7 - Document
Annual Reports of the Maine School for the Feeble-minded
1919-1920
Maine State Archives
The “Maine School for the Feeble-Minded” opened in 1908 in Pownal, Maine. The institution’s primary purpose was to care for people with developmental disabilities.
Some judges also sent people there if they were orphans or living in poverty. In one well-known 1912 case, residents of Maine’s Malaga Island were forced to leave their island home. Many of them had a mixed racial identity and were considered ‘undesirable.’ Some of the people forced from their homes were sent to the Maine School for the Feeble-Minded.
Historically, many Americans viewed persons with any kind of mental or intellectual disability as potential criminals who were dangerous to society. For a while, most doctors urged parents of children born with disabilities to place them in institutions immediately after birth.
Many professionals believed that the children of people with mental disabilities would carry the same disabilities, and therefore sterilized them to keep them from reproducing. This idea is part of the practice of “eugenics.” In 1925, a Maine law gave permission for people considered “mentally deficient” to be sterilized. This could happen without their consent or knowledge. The Maine School for the Feeble-Minded did conduct sterilizations and intelligence tests on the people living there.
Over the years, the “School” changed names and updated their practices. Sometimes there was a focus on education, at other times it mostly kept people away from the rest of society. As ideas about treatment became more modern and humane, there were complaints and lawsuits about the living conditions and care provided. It closed in 1996.
This 1919-1920 annual report shows the School’s struggles to cope with the influenza pandemic.
Pandemic Primary Source Sets developed in collaboration between the Maine Historical Society, Maine State Archives, Maine State Library, and Maine State Museum.
